by Ivano Cavallini PhD
Professor of Musicology. Department of Cultures and Society;
past Vice-head of PhD in European Cultural Studies -
Europäische Kulturstudien, University of Palermo
author of the fundamental book "Il direttore d'orchestra. Genesi e storia di un'arte" Marsilio editore
From the second half of the nineteenth century, when Le chef d'orchestre (1856) by Hector Berlioz appeared, the initially narrow ambit of the teaching of conducting was considerably enriched with manuals, designed to solve the technical problems connected to the execution of music that became part of the repertoire.